Yemsky decree [ ed. | ed. code ]
| Ems decree | |
| Named in honor of | Bad Ems |
|---|---|
| Country |
 Russian Empire |
| Location | Bad Ems |
| Date and time | May 18 (30), 1876 |
| Signatory party | Alexander II |
The Ems Edict is a decree of the Russian Emperor Alexander II dated May 18 (30) , 1876, signed in Bad Ems and aimed at ousting the Ukrainian language from the cultural sphere. The Edict of Ems prohibited the Ukrainian language in many spheres of life (church, music, theater, book printing (banning the importation of books printed in the Ukrainian language into the territory of the empire) and limited it only to everyday use; prohibited theatrical performances in the Ukrainian language [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] .
The appearance of the Emsk decree was due to the revival in the early 70s of the XIX century. of the Ukrainian movement [ 4 ] .
The Ems Decree was aimed at suppressing attempts at national and cultural revival , and further unification of the Ukrainian population [ 5 ] . It became another act of the chauvinistic policy of the Russian autocracy aimed at strengthening the national oppression of the Ukrainian people [ 3 ] .
It remained in force until 1905.
The Ems Decree got its name from the German city of Bad Ems , where Alexander II made amendments and signed the decree prepared by a special commission. The commission included Minister of Internal Affairs Oleksandr Timashev , Minister of Public Education Count Dmytro Tolstoy , chief of gendarmes Oleksandr Potapov , and assistant to the trustee of the Kyiv educational district Mykhailo Yuzefovych [ 6 ] . It is believed that the issuance of the decree was preceded by a memorandum sent to Emperor Yuzefovych, in which he stated that Ukrainians want "a free Ukraine in the form of a republic with a hetman at the head" [ 7 ] . Because of this, the decree was called "Yuzefovych's Law". [ 8 ]
The Ems decree supplemented the basic provisions of the so-called Valuev circular of 1863 [ 5 ] . The decree prohibited [ 3 ] :
- import into the territory of the Russian Empire from abroad books written in the Ukrainian language without special permission;
- publish original works in Ukrainian and make translations from foreign languages, texts for sheet music ;
- print any books in Ukrainian;
- stage Ukrainian theatrical performances (the ban was lifted in 1881) [ 5 ] ;
- organize concerts with Ukrainian songs;
- teaching in the Ukrainian language in primary school, and teachers were immediately replaced by Russians [ 6 ] .
It was allowed to publish historical literary monuments and works of art in Ukrainian, but only on the condition that they were written in accordance with the all-Russian orthography and that prior permission for publication was obtained from the Main Department of Printing Affairs [ 3 ] . The local administration was ordered to strengthen supervision so that primary schools do not teach in the Ukrainian language, and that books in the Ukrainian language that do not meet the specified requirements are removed from the libraries [ 4 ] .
On the basis of the Emsky decree , the South-Western Department of the Russian Geographical Society in Kyiv was closed , the publication of the "Kyiv Telegraph" was stopped , the Society was liquidated , a number of Ukrainian professors were dismissed from Kyiv University ( M. Drahomanova , F. Vovka , M. Zieber , S. Podolynskyi) etc.). In 1878, at the Paris Literary Congress, M. Drahomanov spoke against the chauvinism of the Russian government [ 6 ] and in defense of the Ukrainian language and culture, and sharply condemned the Ems decree. [ 9 ] [ 10 ]
Many Ukrainian figures had to leave Ukraine (some emigrated abroad, and some were sent to other regions of the empire [ 4 ] .
The Ems Decree was not officially canceled, but it became invalid on October 17, 1905 with the publication of the so-called "Manifesto of Civil Liberties" by Emperor Nicholas II [ 4 ] .
For the first time, the full text of the decree for the journal "Osobogo Sovechstaniya dlya presecheniya Ukrainophile propaganda" was published in F. Savchenko's book "Prohibition of Ukrainianism in 1876." [ 1 ] .
After the ban on printing in the Ukrainian language in the Russian Empire, many authors ( Ivan Nechuy-Levytskyi , Mykhailo Drahomanov ) began to publish their works in Galicia , which was under the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . This strengthened the position of Ukrainophile forces and united Ukrainians living on different sides of the border. It was then that Galicia got the name "Ukrainian Piedmont ". [ 11 ]
The discussion between the people of Galicia and the people of Naddipri began after the signing of the decree. Ukrainians from the Dnieper region transferred their publishing activities to Galicia, which caused certain discussions about whose language is "more correct". The polemic was started by Boris Grinchenko with the article "Galician poems", it lasted in 1891-1892. Grinchenko wrote that the Ukrainian literary language exists only in Greater Ukraine, because outstanding writers such as: Kvitka-Osnovyanenko , Hulak-Artemovskyi , Marko Vovchok , Taras Shevchenko , etc. come from there. Galicians criticized the use of dialectics and foreign words. Ivan Franko answered Grinchenko . The arguments were similar, because in the sub-Russian Ukraine there were only Russian-language schools, and Ukrainian could only be learned there from literary prose. Ukrainian writer Musii Kononenko , teacher Ilya Kokorudz and historian Agatangel Krymsky later joined the discussion . After their articles, Grinchenko issued a final note in which he expressed unity with Galicians against Muscophiles and other enemies of the Ukrainian people, who perceived the language debate as the beginning of a split between Galicians and Transnistrians. He declared: "And if it happened that we, Ukrainian-Rusyns from Russia, who... by chance were forced not to write the way we write, then we would not hesitate for a moment to start writing in the language in which the authors of those Galician poems, knowing full well that although it does not exactly correspond to our tastes and habits, it is still our own, our own .
Lesya Ukrainka did not take part in this discussion, did not speak publicly anywhere and did not print notes about it in the press. But she summed up these conversations best in a letter to the writer Joseph Makovey : " I just think that there is absolutely no point in raising the question of the victory of this or that dialect, because the literary language must be created from all dialects, without any violence, quarrels and fights. I hope that all good people in Galicia and Ukraine will understand me " [ 12 ] .
- ↑ Go to:a b Conclusions of the Commission "for suppression of Ukrainophile propaganda"// Fedir Savchenko. Prohibition of Ukraine in 1876: to the history of public movements in Ukraine in the 1860s-1870s. / F. Ya. Savchenko;Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. — Kharkiv; Kyiv:DVU, 1930. — P. 381—383.
- ↑ Emsk act of 1876 [ Archived May 15, 2017 at the Wayback Machine .] // Ukrainian Soviet encyclopedia : in 12 volumes / ch. ed. M. P. Bazhan ; editor: O. K. Antonov and others. — 2nd edition. — K. : Main editorial office of URE , 1974–1985. volume 4, art. 29
- ↑ Go to:a b v d Emsk act of 1876 [ArchivedApril 30, 2020 atthe Wayback Machine.]//Legal encyclopedia :[in 6 vols.] / ed. col.: Yu. S. Shemshuchenko (rep. editor)[etc.]. —K.:Ukrainian encyclopedia named after M. P. Bazhana , 1998. — Vol. 2: D — J. — 744 p. —ISBN 966-7492-00-8.
- ↑Go to:a b v d Polishchuk Y. Emsky decree 1876// Political encyclopedia. Editorial staff:Yu. Levenets(head),Yu. Shapoval(deputy head) and others. — K.:Parliament Publishing House, 2011. — P. 242. —ISBN 978-966-611-818-2.
- ↑Go to:and b in Franko Z. T. Emsky act of 1876//Ukrainian language: encyclopedia/NAS of Ukraine,Institute of Linguistics named after O. O. Potebni,Institute of the Ukrainian Language; editors:V. M. Rusanivskyi (co-chairman),O. O. Taranenko(co-chairman),M. P. Zyablukand others. — 2nd ed., ed. and additional —K.: Edition of"Ukr. encyclical." named after M. P. Bazhana, 2004. — 824 p. : fig. —ISBN 966-7492-19-2. — P. 172.
- ↑Go to:and b in the Emsky edict //Literary encyclopedia : in 2 volumes / author.Yu. I. Kovaliv. — Kyiv:VC "Akademiya", 2007. —T. 1: A — L. — P. 331.
- ↑ In the "fraternal arms" of the empire: the Ems decree of 1876 [ Archived February 9, 2022 at the Wayback Machine .] // Radio Svoboda . — 31.05.2006.
- ↑ Knish Z. full sails! (Ukrainian Military Organization in 1924-1926). — Toronto: "Silver Antimony", 1970. — P. 267.
- ↑ Danylo Yanevskyi. "Ukraine" project. Famous histories of our state: continuation (1774-1914).— Kharkiv. Folio, 2015—218 p.: ill
- ↑ Drahomanov, Mykhailo. Ukrainian Literature, Proscribed by the Russian Government: Report Presented at the Literary Congress of Paris . — Geneva, 1878. (фр.) (укр.)
- ↑ Dzyuba I. M. Russification in the Ukrainian context [ Archived April 9, 2016 at the Wayback Machine .] // Encyclopedia of the history of Ukraine : in 10 volumes / edited by: V. A. Smoliy (head) and others. ; Institute of the History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . — K. : Scientific opinion , 2003—2019. — ISBN 966-00-0632-2 .
- ↑ Why all attempts to divide Ukraine into parts are artificial. We show it on the example of Galicia and Naddnipryanshchyna . The Village Ukraine (Ukrainian) . January 24, 2024 . Cited February 11, 2024 .
- Emsk act of 1876 // Small dictionary of the history of Ukraine / resp. ed. V. A. Smolii . — K. : Lybid , 1997. — 464 p. — ISBN 5-325-00781-5 .
- Vaskovych G. The Emsky decree and the struggle for the Ukrainian school. Munich, 1976. [ Archived January 27, 2012 at the Wayback Machine .]
- Boyko Yu. To the century of the Ems decree / "Ukrainian Historian" , 1976, No. 01-04.
- Savchenko F. Prohibition of Ukrainianism in 1876. Kharkiv — Kyiv, 1930, P.381-383 [ Archived March 4, 2016 at the Wayback Machine .]
- Miller A. I. "The Ukrainian Question" in the Policy of the Authorities and Russian Public Opinion (Second Half of the 19th Century) [ Archived August 27, 2016 at the Wayback Machine .] (Russian)
- Edict of Ems // Ukrainian small encyclopedia : 16 books. : in 8 volumes / prof. E. Onatsky. — At the behest of the Administration of the UAOC in Argentina. - Buenos Aires, 1958. - T. 2: D - E, book. 3 . — P. 411-412. — 1000 copies.
- Emsk edict // Encyclopedia of Ukrainian Studies : Dictionary part: [in 11 volumes] / Shevchenko Scientific Society ; Goal. ed. prof., Dr. Volodymyr Kubiyovych . — Paris — New York: Young Life , 1957. — Book. 2, [vol. 2]: Golinsky — Zernov. — P. 637-638. — ISBN 5-7707-4049-3 .
- The Ambassador of Ukraine opened a memorial plaque in the city of Bad Ems — Prayer for Ukraine [ Archived October 16, 2009 at the Wayback Machine .]
- Tsarat and national revival: "linguistic gingerbread" for Finns, "linguistic whip" for Ukrainians [ Archived October 20, 2019 at the Wayback Machine .]
- Lex Jusephovicia 1876. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the ban on Ukrainianism // Modernity. No. 5 for 1976. p. 36-68
- The Edict of Ems (translated into Ukrainian by Roman Sopchanyk ) in the Ukrainian émigré magazine Modernity (1976)
- 1876 — Emsk Decree // UINP
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